ISTQB CTFL-Foundation - ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level

Equivalence Partitioning is a black-box testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. It helps in reducing the number of test cases while maintaining adequate test coverage.

To achieve 100% decision coverage, each decision point in the pseudo code must be tested for both true and false outcomes. In the provided pseudo code, the decision point is the if-else statement checking the gender. Therefore, we need two test cases: one where Gender is 'female' and one where Gender is not 'female' (e.g., 'male'). This ensures that both paths (true and false) are covered​​.

Independent testing is crucial because independent testers can provide an unbiased perspective and verify the assumptions made during the specification and implementation phases. This helps in identifying defects that might be overlooked by developers who are closely involved in the creation of the system.

State transition testing is the most effective test design technique for testing screen-dialog flows. This technique is used to model the different states of a system and the transitions between those states, which is ideal for verifying that the system behaves correctly as the user navigates through different screens and dialogs.

Statement testing is a structure-based (white box) testing technique. It involves executing all the executable statements in the code at least once. This technique requires knowledge of the internal structure of the code, making it a white box testing method.

Integration testing focuses on the interactions between integrated components or systems. It aims to identify defects in the interfaces and interaction points between different parts of the system. According to the ISTQB syllabus, the test basis for integration testing typically includes software and system design documents, while the test objects are the interfaces and interactions between components. The goal is to ensure that the integrated parts function together as intended​​.

An effective incident report should provide a clear and detailed description of the issue, including the title, reproducibility, a detailed description of the failure, and any relevant references to specifications. This helps in accurately identifying, reproducing, and resolving the defect. In this case, including the specific reference to the PID and a screenshot helps provide all necessary information for resolving the issue.

The configuration management process ensures that all items of testware are identified, version controlled, and tracked for changes. This process helps maintain traceability throughout the testprocess, ensuring that all test artifacts are managed systematically and changes are monitored effectively.

Metrics are used to measure various aspects of the testing process, such as the percentage of work done in test environment preparation, test case preparation, and whether test milestones were met. However, metrics are not specifically used to apply to the RAD (Rapid Application Development) development model. Metrics focus on providing data to evaluate and improve the testing process rather than applying to specific development methodologies.

The appropriate test execution schedule considering the prioritization and constraints should start with re-tests, followed by the regression test script. After these, tests should be run based on their priority levels:

a (Re-test defect no 52, Low priority, Re-test)

c (Re-test defect no 26, High priority, Re-test)

d (Run regression test script, Medium priority, Regression)

b (Ability to amend transaction type, High priority)

g (Reprint selected previous sales figures, High priority, Must be run after item e)

e (Print monthly sales figures, Medium priority)

i (Print year-to-date figures, Medium priority)

f (Add special invoice to previous month, Low priority)

h (Account administrator able to amend any previous month’s sales figures, Low priority)

This sequence ensures that re-tests and high-priority tasks are completed first, followed by medium-priority tasks, and then low-priority tasks.