CWNP CWDP-305 - Certified Wireless Design Professional

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

Real Time FFT stands for Real Time Fast Fourier Transform.It is a spectrum analysis tool that displays the maximum signal amplitude detected at each frequency in real time.This visualization helps in identifying transient RF events, such as sporadic interference or brief signal spikes, which might not be captured in averaged spectrum analyses.By providing immediate feedback on the RF environment, Real Time FFT graphs are invaluable for troubleshooting and optimizing WLAN performance.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

Supporting over 300 devices with only two APs in a high-density environment like a convention center auditorium is inadequate.Simply adding more APs without a proper design can lead to co-channel interference and other issues.A comprehensive redesign is necessary to ensure appropriate AP placement, channel planning, and capacity to handle the high number of concurrent clients effectively.

Band steering is a technique used to encourage dual-band clients to connect to the less congested 5 GHz band.However, some clients may not respond to steering attempts and persist in attempting to connect on the 2.4 GHz band.To ensure connectivity for these persistent clients, APs are designed to eventually respond to their Probe Requests on the 2.4 GHz band after a certain number of ignored attempts.

The CWDP-305 Official Study and Reference Guide states:

"Band steering mechanisms must account for clients that do not support or respond to steering attempts, allowing them to connect on the 2.4 GHz band after a defined number of ignored Probe Requests."

When aesthetics are a concern, one acceptable approach—assuming AP performance and RF behavior will not be affected—is to use manufacturer-approved or specially designed cosmetic covers/skins. These allow the AP to blend into the environment without altering signal propagation.

From CWDP-305:

“Cosmetic or aesthetic AP skins and mounts can be used when design constraints do not permit repositioning APs. These solutions preserve the intended RF coverage while meeting visual requirements.”

— Reference: CWDP-305 Official Study and Reference Guide, Wireless Design Process

For long-distance point-to-point wireless links, such as those spanning over 1000 yards, directional antennas are preferred due to their focused beamwidth and higher gain.Yagi antennas are a type of directional antenna known for their high gain and narrow beamwidth, making them suitable for such applications.While panel and patch antennas are also directional, Yagi antennas are specifically designed for long-range communications.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

WPA/WPA2-Personal is typically used in scenarios where:

A.Client devices lack support for 802.1X/EAP, making enterprise authentication methods unfeasible.

C.Devices are provisioned in bulk with shared credentials, simplifying deployment without the complexity of individual 802.1X configurations.

However:

B.High-latency roaming is undesirable; low-latency is preferred for seamless connectivity.

D.Requiring unique access credentials aligns more with WPA/WPA2-Enterprise, which supports individual authentication.

If the number of APs changes due to budget constraints, a complete redesign is required to reevaluate coverage, capacity, and performance expectations. Increasing transmit power or relying on 2.4 GHz is not a valid solution, as it can result in co-channel interference and poor roaming.

From CWDP-305:

“A design is based on specific coverage and capacity requirements. Any major change, such as reducing the number of APs, requires a full redesign to determine the impact and ensure that business requirements can still be met.”

— Reference: CWDP-305 Official Study and Reference Guide, Chapter on Wireless Design Process

Designing guest access with all guest users tunneled directly into the DMZ has two main advantages: it simplifies the network configuration and it enhances the security of the internal network. A DMZ is a demilitarized zone, which is a separate network segment that isolates the public-facing services from the private network. A DMZ provides a buffer zone between the Internet and the internal network, where potential attacks can be detected and prevented.

By tunneling all guest users directly into the DMZ, the network configuration is simplified because there is no need to segment and filter the guest traffic across the internal LAN. The guest traffic is encapsulated and routed to the DMZ controller, which acts as the anchor point for the guest WLAN. The guest traffic is then decrypted and forwarded to the Internet or the DMZ services. This way, the guest traffic does not mix with the internal traffic, and there is no need to apply VLANs, ACLs, or firewall rules to separate them.

Another advantage of tunneling all guest users directly into the DMZ is that it enhances the security of the internal network. By keeping the guest traffic in the DMZ, the internal network is protected from any potential threats or attacks that may originate from the guest users. The guest users have no visibility or access to the internal network resources, and they are subject to the security policies and controls of the DMZ. The border firewall configuration will not require any additional rules to pass guest traffic to the DMZ controller, because the guest traffic is already encapsulated and tunneled. This reduces the complexity and the risk of misconfiguration of the firewall rules. References: CWNP, CWDP Certified Wireless Design Professional Official Study Guide, Cisco Unified Wireless Guest Access Services, What Is a DMZ Network and Why Would You Use It?, Wireless Guest Access FAQ

The Bill of Materials (BoM) is a comprehensive list detailing all hardware components, devices, and materials required for the deployment of a WLAN infrastructure. It serves as a reference for procurement and ensures that all necessary items are accounted for before the deployment begins. Unlike the Statement of Work, which outlines the scope and objectives, or the design report, which provides technical specifications, the BoM focuses specifically on the tangible components needed for implementation.

In the context of designing WLANs to support voice applications, such as Voice over WLAN (VoWLAN),roamingis a critical design element. Voice traffic is highly sensitive to delays, and seamless roaming ensures that as a user moves throughout the office, their device can switch between access points (APs) without dropping the call or experiencing latency.

According to theCWDP-305 Exam Objectives, under the section1.2.9 Security requirements, it states:

"Security requirements

BYOD and guest access

Roaming

Monitoring

Authentication and encryption"

This highlights the importance of considering roaming in the security requirements for WLAN design, especially for applications like VoWLAN.

Furthermore, under section2.2.5 Design for different client and application types, it mentions:

"Design for different client and application types

Laptops

Handhelds

Smartphones and tablets

IoT and smart devices

Autonomous and assisted devices

Voice and video"

This indicates that designing for voice applications requires special consideration, including ensuring seamless roaming capabilities.

While factors like AP enclosures (A), the choice of AP vendor (C), and support for specific frequency bands like 900 MHz (D) can influence overall network performance, they are not as directly impactful on voice performance as roaming capabilities.