NAHP NRCMA - Nationally Registered Certified Medical Assistant

Ball and socket joints, like those in the shoulder (glenohumeral joint) and hip (acetabulofemoral joint), allow for rotational movement and a wide range of motion in multiple directions. These joints consist of a spherical head (ball) that fits into a cup-like cavity (socket). The design of ball and socket joints permits movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. This extensive range of motion makes them critical for various daily activities and athletic movements.

Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs), are crucial components of the immune system, protecting the body against infections and foreign invaders. There are several types of leukocytes, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with specific functions in the immune response. Neutrophils, for example, are the first responders to bacterial infections, while lymphocytes (such as T cells and B cells) are involved in adaptive immunity. Thrombocytes (platelets) are involved in blood clotting, erythrocytes (red blood cells) carry oxygen, and osteocytes are bone cells.

One complete heart beat, combining the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) phases, is known as the cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle consists of two main phases: systole, where the heart muscle contracts to pump blood out of the chambers, and diastole, where the heart muscle relaxes to allow the chambers to fill with blood. This sequence ensures that oxygenated blood is circulated throughout the body and deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs for oxygenation.

A Z-tract injection is a technique used to administer medication intramuscularly to minimize leakage and irritation of the medication in the subcutaneous tissue. The Z-tract method involves pulling the skin and subcutaneous tissue to one side before inserting the needle into the muscle, injecting the medication, and then releasing the tissue after withdrawing the needle. This "zig-zag" path prevents the medication from leaking back along the needle track. The gluteal muscle, particularly the ventrogluteal or dorsogluteal sites, is commonly used for such injections due to its large muscle mass.

Epilepsyis a seizure disorder affecting 1 to 2 percent of the population and is associated with abnormal electrical impulses from the neurons in the brain. These abnormal impulses cause recurrent, unprovoked seizures. The severity and type of seizures can vary widely among individuals, ranging from brief lapses in attention or muscle jerks to severe and prolonged convulsions. Diagnosis typically involves an electroencephalogram (EEG) to detect abnormal brain activity, along with imaging tests like MRI or CT scans.

References:

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). (n.d.). Epilepsy Information Page.

Epilepsy Foundation. (n.d.). About Epilepsy: The Basics.

A Z-tract injection is an intramuscular injection technique used to prevent medication from leaking back into the subcutaneous tissue and to minimize irritation. This technique involves displacing the skin and subcutaneous tissue before injecting the medication into the muscle, and then releasing the skin to lock the medication in place. It is commonly administered in the gluteal muscle of the buttocks.

References:

Clinical Procedures for Medical Assistants by Kathy Bonewit-West

Injection Techniques in Musculoskeletal Medicine by Stephanie Saunders and Steve Longworth

The prefix"osteo-"comes from the Greek word "osteon," meaningbone. It is commonly used in medical terminology to refer to bones or bone-related conditions. For example, osteoporosis (a condition characterized by weakened bones) and osteoarthritis (a type of arthritis that affects the bones and joints).Reference:Nationally Registered Certified Medical Assistant study materials and standard medical dictionaries.

The size of a needle is expressed bygauge numbers. The gauge number indicates the diameter of the needle: the higher the gauge number, the smaller the diameter of the needle. For example, a 25-gauge needle is thinner than an 18-gauge needle. Needle gauges are used to match the needle size to the type of injection and the patient's needs.Reference:Nationally Registered Certified Medical Assistant study materials, clinical practice guidelines.

Thegaugeof a needle refers to its diameter, with a lower gauge number indicating a larger diameter. Therefore, a19 gauge needlehas the widest lumen among the options given. It is commonly used for rapid blood transfusions or for drawing viscous fluids.

21 gauge: Smaller lumen than 19 gauge.

22 gauge: Smaller lumen than 21 gauge.

26 gauge: Smallest lumen of the options listed.

The human adult body typically has206 bones. These bones provide structure, protect organs, anchor muscles, and store calcium. Infants are born with approximately 270 bones, some of which fuse together during growth to form the 206 bones in an adult skeleton. The other options are incorrect as they do not represent the total bone count in the adult human body.