GAQM CITM-001 - Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM)

Lower level management, also known as supervisory or operational management, is the lowest tier of the managerial hierarchy. It consists of managers who oversee the work of employees and report to middle level managers. Lower level managers can make use of the managerial hierarchy to obtain approvals or additional guidance from their superiors when they face problems or challenges that are beyond their authority or expertise. The managerial hierarchy also helps lower level managers to communicate and coordinate with other managers and departments within the organization. References: 3, CITM Study Guide, Chapter 2: Organizational Structure and Design, Section 2.1: Types of Organizational Structures, Page 18.

A macro virus is a virus that is written in a macro language, which is a programming language embedded inside a software application, such as word processors and spreadsheet applications. A macro virus can attach itself to a file or template and run automatically when the file is opened or closed, without the user’s knowledge. A macro virus can infect any system that supports macros, regardless of the operating system. A macro virus can spread quickly by infecting other documents and templates, and may cause damage to the computer and its applications123 References:

1: What is a Macro Virus? | Macro Virus Definition - Kaspersky

2: Macro virus - Wikipedia

3: What is a macro virus and how to help prevent them - Nortonâ„¢

 A relation is a type of association that describes how two or more entities are related to each other. A relation can have different properties, such as cardinality, optionality, and directionality, that specify the nature and constraints of the association. A relation can also have attributes that store information about the association. For example, a relation between Employee and Project entities can have an attribute called Role that indicates the role of each employee in each project. A relation can be represented by a line connecting the entities in an entity-relationship diagram (ERD). References: Association and Associative entity - IBM, When to use Associative entities? - Stack Overflow, [Entity-Relationship Model - Tutorialspoint].

A primary key is a column or combination of columns that contain values that uniquely identify each row in the table. It enforces the entity integrity of the table and prevents the insertion of duplicate rows. A table can have only one primary key, which is usually defined on an identity column or a column with not null and unique constraints. A primary key also creates a unique index for the table, which allows fast access to data when the primary key is used in queries12. References: 1: Primary and Foreign Key Constraints - SQL Server12: Primary and Foreign Key in SQL With Examples - DataFlair2

Structured design and object-oriented design are two common approaches to design a system. Structured design is a method of breaking down a system into smaller and simpler modules, which can be independently created and tested. Structured design follows a top-down approach, where the system is divided into sub-systems, and then into modules, until the desired level of detail is reached. Structured design is suitable for systems that have well-defined inputs and outputs, and a clear hierarchy of functions. Object-oriented design is a method of modeling a system as a collection of objects, which have attributes and behaviors. Object-oriented design follows a bottom-up approach, where the system is built from reusable and interchangeable components, called classes. Object-oriented design is suitable for systems that have complex interactions, dynamic behavior, and multiple inheritance. Functional design and organizational design are not considered to design a system, but rather to describe the system’s purpose and structure. Functional design is a process of defining the functions and processes that the system performs, and how they relate to each other. Functional design focuses on the what and why of the system, rather than the how. Organizational design is a process of defining the roles and responsibilities of the people and units involved in the system, and how they communicate and coordinate with each other. Organizational design focuses on the who and where of the system, rather than the how. References: Structured Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Object-Oriented Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Functional Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, [Organizational Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics]

Reciprocal interdependence occurs when two organizations depend on each other in a cyclical manner, such that the output of one becomes the input of the other and vice versa. This type of interdependence is the most complex and difficult to manage, as it requires constant coordination and communication between the organizations. An example of reciprocal interdependence is the relationship between a software development company and a software testing company, where each one relies on the feedback and quality of the other’s work. References: Three Types of Interdependence in an Organizational Structure, Interdependence in International Organization and Global Governance

In a multi-user design, one group usually develops the systems for use by another group. This is because different groups of users may have different needs, preferences, and expectations for the system. For example, a system that is designed for the accounting department may not be suitable for the marketing department, or a system that is designed for the managers may not be user-friendly for the employees. Therefore, a multi-user design involves identifying the target users, analyzing their requirements, designing the system accordingly, and testing the system with the users. A multi-user design also requires coordination and communication among the developers and the users, as well as among different user groups, to ensure that the system meets the needs and expectations of all stakeholders. References: Multi-User Operating System - GeeksforGeeks; Multiple Group Design: Definition & Examples - Study.com; Chapter 10: Information Systems Development

Rotational delay is the time it takes for the desired sector of the disk to rotate under the read-write head after the head has been positioned at the correct track. It depends on the rotational speed of the disk and the position of the sector relative to the head. It is one of the components of data access delay, along with seek time, transmission delay, and processing delay. References: Delays in Computer Network - GeeksforGeeks, Access time - Wikipedia

The conceptual level is a high-level description of the data and its relationships in the database, without specifying how the data is physically stored or implemented. It defines the main entities, attributes, and constraints for the entire database, and is independent of any specific database management system or application. The conceptual level is also known as the logical level, and it is usually represented by an entity-relationship diagram (ERD). References: Conceptual schema - Wikipedia, Navigating the Three Levels of Database Design: Conceptual, Logical, and Physical