GAQM CPEH-001 - Certified Professional Ethical Hacker (CPEH)

Connects a computer to or disconnects a computer from a shared resource, or displays information about computer connections. The command also controls persistent net connections. Used without parameters, net use retrieves a list of network connections.

References: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490717.aspx

The OSI layer 2 is where packet sniffers collect their data.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame

In computing, Trojan horse, or Trojan, is any malicious computer program which is used to hack into a computer by misleading users of its true intent. Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a backdoor, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)

Aircrack-ng is a complete suite of tools to assess WiFi network security.

The default cracking method of Aircrack-ng is PTW, but Aircrack-ng can also use the FMS/KoreK method, which incorporates various statistical attacks to discover the WEP key and uses these in combination with brute forcing.

References: http://www.aircrack-ng.org/doku.php?id=aircrack-ng

A boot sector virus is a computer virus that infects a storage device's master boot record (MBR). The virus moves the boot sector to another location on the hard drive.

References: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26655/boot-sector-virus

If you include site: in your query, Google will restrict your search results to the site or domain you specify.

If you include filetype:suffix in your query, Google will restrict the results to pages whose names end in suffix. For example, [ web page evaluation checklist filetype:pdf ] will return Adobe Acrobat pdf files that match the terms “web,” “page,” “evaluation,” and “checklist.”

References: http://www.googleguide.com/advanced_operators_reference.html

The XOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements an exclusive or; that is, a true output (1/HIGH) results if one, and only one, of the inputs to the gate is true. If both inputs are false (0/LOW) or both are true, a false output results. XOR represents the inequality function, i.e., the output is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise the output is false. A way to remember XOR is "one or the other but not both".

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_gate

An important application of secure hashes is verification of message integrity. Determining whether any changes have been made to a message (or a file), for example, can be accomplished by comparing message digests calculated before, and after, transmission (or any other event).

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Verifying_the_integrity_of_files_or_messages

When an incoming packet destined for a host machine on a particular local area network arrives at a gateway, the gateway asks the ARP program to find a physical host or MAC address that matches the IP address. The ARP program looks in the ARP cache and, if it finds the address, provides it so that the packet can be converted to the right packet length and format and sent to the machine. If no entry is found for the IP address, ARP broadcasts a request packet in a special format to all the machines on the LAN to see if one machine knows that it has that IP address associated with it. A machine that recognizes the IP address as its own returns a reply so indicating. ARP updates the ARP cache for future reference and then sends the packet to the MAC address that replied.

References: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Address-Resolution-Protocol-ARP

chntpw is a software utility for resetting or blanking local passwords used by Windows NT, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8 and 8.1. It does this by editing the SAM database where Windows stores password hashes.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chntpw

You requested a scan type which requires root privileges.

References: http://askubuntu.com/questions/433062/using-nmap-for-information-regarding-web-host

Ransomware is a type of malware that can be covertly installed on a computer without knowledge or intention of the user that restricts access to the infected computer system in some way, and demands that the user pay a ransom to the malware operators to remove the restriction. Some forms of ransomware systematically encrypt files on the system's hard drive, which become difficult or impossible to decrypt without paying the ransom for the encryption key, while some may simply lock the system and display messages intended to coax the user into paying. Ransomware typically propagates as a Trojan.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware

A way to protect your network traffic from being sniffed is to use encryption such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS). Encryption doesn't prevent packet sniffers from seeing source and destination information, but it does encrypt the data packet's payload so that all the sniffer sees is encrypted gibberish.

References: http://netsecurity.about.com/od/informationresources/a/What-Is-A-Packet-Sniffer.htm

Phases of hacking

Phase 1—Reconnaissance

Phase 2—Scanning

Phase 3—Gaining Access

Phase 4—Maintaining Access

Phase 5—Covering Tracks

Phase 1: Passive and Active Reconnaissance

References: http://hack-o-crack.blogspot.se/2010/12/five-stages-of-ethical-hacking.html

A threat is at any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, or individuals through an information system via unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of information, and/or denial of service. Also, the potential for a threat-source to successfully exploit a particular information system vulnerability.

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat_(computer)