ASQ CQE - Certified Quality Engineer Exam

Document control is a critical element of a quality system that ensures that all work instructions, procedures, and specifications are up-to-date, consistent, and accessible to relevant personnel.Proper document control helps prevent errors and defects caused by outdated or conflicting work instructions.

References:

ISO 9001:2015. (2015). Quality Management Systems – Requirements. ISO.

ASQ. (n.d.). Document Control. Retrieved from https://asq.org/quality-resources/document-control

ï‚·ANSI ASQ Z1.4 provides sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes.

ï‚·The sample size for Level II inspection is determined based on the lot size to be inspected.

ï‚·This standard specifies how to choose sample sizes and acceptance numbers based on lot size to ensure statistically valid sampling.

ï‚·References: ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008 "Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes" explains how sample sizes are derived from lot sizes.

Option B, which is the oval or rounded rectangle shape, indicates a termination point on a flowchart. This symbol is typically used to represent the start or end of a process in flowchart diagrams.References:

ASQ Quality Press: The Certified Quality Engineer Handbook.

Flowcharting Techniques: A Guide to Better Communication of Information by Marvin P. Larkin.

The appropriate number of class intervals for the construction of a histogram can be estimated using Sturges' rule, which is given by k=1+3.322log⁡10(n)k = 1 + 3.322 \log_{10}(n)k=1+3.322log10​(n), where nnn is the number of observations. For 36 observations:

k=1+3.322log⁡10(36)≈1+3.322×1.556≈6.17k = 1 + 3.322 \log_{10}(36) \approx 1 + 3.322 \times 1.556 \approx 6.17k=1+3.322log10​(36)≈1+3.322×1.556≈6.17

This suggests around 6 intervals, but in practice, the number of intervals often rounded up, hence the appropriate number of class intervals would be 8 for better representation of the data. References:

Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists by Sheldon M. Ross.

ASQ Quality Press: The Certified Quality Engineer Handbook.

When several units from a random sample are found to be defective, the immediate next action should be to segregate the defective units. This step is crucial to prevent defective units from being mixed with non-defective units, ensuring that they do not reach customers or proceed further in the production process. Segregating defective units helps in identifying the extent of the issue and facilitates further investigation and corrective actions.

Risk management in software quality engineering aims to identify, assess, and mitigate risks that could affect project outcomes. The primary characteristic of effective risk management is that it should be all-inclusive. This means it should encompass all potential risk areas, including technical, project management, resource allocation, and external factors. An all-inclusive approach ensures that no significant risk is overlooked and that comprehensive strategies are in place to manage identified risks effectively.References:

Software Quality Assurance: Principles and Practice by Nina S. Godbole.

ASQ Software Quality Engineer Handbook.

Pre-control charts are a simple form of process monitoring used primarily for short production runs or setups. Unlike traditional control charts, the limits of pre-control charts are not based on statistical calculations of process variation but are derived directly from specification limits.

Specifications:

Pre-control chart limits are determined by dividing the specification range into zones.

Typically, the specification limits are divided into green, yellow, and red zones to indicate areas of acceptable and unacceptable performance.

The green zone is typically the middle 50% of the specification range, yellow zones are the next 25% on either side, and the red zones are the outer 25%.

Natural Tolerance:

Refers to the spread of the process data within ±3 standard deviations from the process mean, but not used in pre-control charts.

Process Standard Deviation:

Used in traditional control charts to calculate control limits, not in pre-control charts.

Process Capability:

Evaluates how well a process can meet specifications, but pre-control limits are directly based on the specifications themselves.

References: Pre-control chart methodology and usage guidelines.

In risk management, after measures have been taken to prevent or control risks, some risks will still remain. These are known as residual risks.

Inherent Risk:

The risk present before any control measures are applied.

Residual Risk:

The risk that remains after preventive and control measures have been implemented.

It is the risk that the organization decides to accept and manage, rather than eliminating entirely.

Control Risk:

The risk that controls will fail to prevent or detect a risk.

Credit Risk:

The risk of a financial loss due to a borrower's failure to repay a loan.

Residual risk is the remaining risk after all control measures are applied.

References: Risk management frameworks and standards, such as ISO 31000.