CWNP CWISA-102 - Certified Wireless IoT Solutions Administrator

RFID for Livestock: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are the most widely used technology for livestock tracking and individual identification on large farms.

Benefits:

Unique ID: Each RFID tag has a unique code.

Data Storage: Some tags store information about the animal.

Durability: Tags withstand outdoor conditions.

Automated Reading: Tags can be scanned quickly.

References

RFID (General): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification

KPI alignment: Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) define success metrics for the wireless IoT solution (e.g., uptime, device responsiveness, data accuracy). Continuous monitoring tracks performance against these KPIs.

Meeting Business Needs: Monitoring ensures the solution delivers the intended value. Are response times fast enough? Are business processes supported effectively?

Proactive maintenance: Monitoring can reveal performance issues before they become critical failures, allowing for proactive fixes.

Optimization: Monitoring data over time helps identify areas for fine-tuning the solution to further align with business requirements.

References

Wireless IoT monitoring tools: Vendor documentation or articles on specific tools and the KPIs they can track.

ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library): Frameworks emphasizing monitoring and continuous improvement.

BLE Beacon Power Efficiency: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons are designed for low power consumption. Their primary function is to periodically broadcast short data packets (advertising their presence).

Other Technologies:

Cellular: More power-hungry due to long-range communication and complex protocols.

GPS: Power intensive, especially when actively tracking location.

Wi-Fi:

Wi-Fi and Zigbee Interference: Both can operate in the 2.4 GHz band, leading to potential interference that degrades performance for both networks.

5 GHz Advantages:

Less crowded: Fewer devices operate in the 5 GHz band, reducing interference potential.

Wider Channels: 5 GHz supports wider channels, enabling higher data throughput for Wi-Fi.

Signal Strength and Data Rate: In wireless links, weaker signal strength often directly correlates to reduced transmission speeds. Modern wireless technologies use adaptive modulation and coding, sacrificing speed for reliability when signals become weaker.

Noise and Interference: While these can impact performance, they don't inherently decrease simply because signal strength drops.

Latency: Latency can be affected by poor signal, but its primary drivers are distance and network congestion.

References:

Wireless Signal Strength vs. Speed: Articles explaining the relationship and how adaptive modulation works.

Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS): Technical descriptions of how Wi-Fi and other wireless technologies adjust speeds based on signal quality.

LoRa: This refers to the underlying radio modulation technique using Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS). It defines how data is physically encoded onto the wireless signal.

LoRaWAN: This is the network protocol built on top of LoRa. It manages device communication, network topology, and aspects like security. It operates at the MAC sublayer of the Data Link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model

LoRa vs. LoRaWAN: Key takeaway is that LoRa is the physical layer technology, while LoRaWAN adds the networking layer for management.

References:

LoRa Modulation: Technical explanations of Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS).

LoRaWAN Specification: Official documentation detailing the network architecture and MAC layer functions.

OSI Model: Descriptions of the Data Link layer and its role in networking.

Free Space Path Loss (FSPL): Describes how a radio signal weakens as it travels through open space, even without obstacles. It's caused by the signal spreading out, resulting in decreased power density at the receiver.

Calculation: FSPL depends on distance and frequency.

References

Free Space Path Loss: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_path_loss

SSL/TLS Secures Web Traffic: HTTPS builds upon HTTP, adding the encryption provided by Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or its successor, Transport Layer Security (TLS).

Other Protocols Have Different Purposes:

IPSec: Secures IP traffic at a network level, can be used alongside TLS.

SNMPv3: Management protocol, offers security features, but not the primary mechanism in HTTPS.

SSH: Secure remote shell, unrelated to web data encryption.

References:

TLS (and SSL): Explanations of their role in HTTPS and how they provide encryption for web communication.

HTTPS Overview: Materials showing how TLS fits into the overall HTTPS architecture.

XAML and .NET: XAML (eXtensible Application Markup Language) is primarily used within the .NET framework for defining user interfaces. Specifically, technologies like:

WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation): Desktop application UIs

Xamarin: Mobile app UIs

XAML in Other Frameworks: While some limited adaptation exists, its core use is tightly coupled with .NET technologies.

References:

XAML Overview (Microsoft Docs): Introductions to XAML emphasizing its use in .NET applications.

WPF Documentation: Tutorials and references specifically mentioning XAML's role in Windows desktop development.

QAM Constellations: QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) uses a constellation diagram where points represent unique combinations of amplitude and phase.

Bits per Symbol: The number in QAM-XX indicates the number of points:

QAM-16: 16 points = 2^4 = 4 bits per symbol

QAM-64: 64 points = 2^6 = 6 bits per symbol

Higher Data Rates: More points in the constellation enable transmitting more bits per symbol, leading to higher data rates at the same bandwidth.

References

QAM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation