CWNP CWISA-103 - Certified Wireless IoT Solutions Administrator(2025 Edition)

Importance of Time Sync in IoT: Coordinated actions, accurate data analysis, and event logging in wireless IoT solutions often rely on devices having a shared time reference.

NTP's Role: Network Time Protocol (NTP) enables devices to synchronize their clocks against a reliable time source (NTP server), ensuring consistency across the network.

Why Other Options Don't Fit:

IP Addressing: Usually handled by DHCP, not NTP.

Encryption: SSL/TLS secure data in transit, not related to timekeeping.

Name Resolution: Purpose of DNS, not NTP.

Privilege Creep Defined: Gradual accumulation of excessive permissions over time, often due to users changing roles or access needs not being adjusted accordingly.

Other Terms:

Privilege Escalation: A malicious act of obtaining higher-than-authorized access.

Improper Delegation/Grouping: Faulty permission assignment, but not the gradual accretion aspect.

Free Space Path Loss (FSPL): Describes how a radio signal weakens as it travels through open space, even without obstacles. It's caused by the signal spreading out, resulting in decreased power density at the receiver.

Calculation: FSPL depends on distance and frequency.

References

Free Space Path Loss: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_path_loss

ZigBee Channel Spacing: ZigBee channels in the 2.4 GHz band are spaced 5 MHz apart. This helps manage interference in the crowded 2.4 GHz spectrum.

Overlay vs. Integrated Monitoring:

Overlay: A separate monitoring system independent of the primary wireless infrastructure.

Integrated: Monitoring functions built into wireless access points or controllers.

Overlay Advantage: Since the overlay system is separate, it doesn't add overhead or complexity to the core network, avoiding potential disruption of wireless services.

Cloud Connectivity Relies on IP: Most cloud-based services operate via the internet, which utilizes Internet Protocol (IP) at Layer 3 of the network model.

Flexibility: Various Layer 2 technologies (Ethernet, Wi-Fi) can connect to a Layer 3 network that ultimately provides Internet access

BLE Exception: Bluetooth Low Energy can have cloud connectivity, but often through gateways and not as a direct Layer 2 connection.

Eliminating Incorrect Options: IPX/SPX is an outdated protocol, and cellular is only one possible way to achieve Internet access.

ITU's Mandate: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on global information and communication technologies (ICTs).

Radio Spectrum Regulation: A core ITU function is allocating radio spectrum bands and satellite orbits to prevent harmful interference between different countries and technologies. This coordination is essential for the orderly use of wireless communications worldwide.

Other ITU Roles: While involved in standard-setting and establishing best practices, options A and D are less precise than the ITU's spectrum coordination focus.

XAML and .NET: XAML (eXtensible Application Markup Language) is primarily used within the .NET framework for defining user interfaces. Specifically, technologies like:

WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation): Desktop application UIs

Xamarin: Mobile app UIs

XAML in Other Frameworks: While some limited adaptation exists, its core use is tightly coupled with .NET technologies.

BLE Beacon Power Efficiency: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons are designed for low power consumption. Their primary function is to periodically broadcast short data packets (advertising their presence).

Other Technologies:

Cellular: More power-hungry due to long-range communication and complex protocols.

GPS: Power intensive, especially when actively tracking location.

Wi-Fi:

WBAN Range: Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) specialize in short-range communication around the human body. Typical ranges fall within 1-2 meters.

Purpose: This range is designed to:

Connect sensors monitoring health metrics.

Transmit data to a central coordinator device (e.g., smartphone).

Minimize interference potential with other wireless networks.

References

WBAN Overview: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_area_network

WBAN Research Paper (Check Range Discussion): https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/11/4/67