ECCouncil ECSS - EC-Council Certified Security Specialist (ECSSv10)Exam

Sectors per Cylinder:Multiply heads * sectors per track: 80 * 63 = 5040 sectors/cylinder

Bytes per Cylinder:Multiply sectors per cylinder * bytes per sector: 5040 * 512 = 2,580,480 bytes/cylinder

Total Bytes:Multiply bytes per cylinder * total cylinders: 2,580,480 * 16,384 = 42,278,584,320 bytes

Explanation

To find the total disk size, we need to calculate the storage capacity per cylinder and then multiply that by the total number of cylinders.

SQL Injection (SQLi) is a prevalent vulnerability in web applications that occurs when an attacker can insert or manipulate SQL queries using untrusted user input. This vulnerability is exploited by constructing dynamic SQL statements that include user-provided data without proper validation or sanitization. When applications concatenate user input values directly into SQL queries, they become susceptible to SQLi, as attackers can craft input that alters the intended SQL command structure, leading to unauthorized access or manipulation of the database.

To mitigate SQL injection risks, it’s crucial to avoid creating dynamic SQL queries by concatenating input values. Instead, best practices such as using prepared statements with parameterized queries, employing stored procedures, and implementing proper input validation and sanitization should be followed. These measures help ensure that user input is treated as data rather than part of the SQL code, thus preserving the integrity of the SQL statement and preventing injection attacks.

SQL Injection (SQLi):This common web application vulnerability arises when untrusted user input is directly used to construct SQL queries. Attackers can manipulate the input to alter the structure of the query, leading to data exposure, modification, or even deletion.

Dynamic SQL and Concatenation:Dynamically constructing SQL statements by concatenating user input is highly dangerous. Consider this example:

SQL

SELECT*FROMusersWHEREusername=userInput ;

An attacker can provide input like:' OR '1'='1'--resulting in this query:

SQL

SELECT*FROMusersWHEREusername=''OR'1'='1'-- ;

This query will always return true due to theORcondition and the comment (--) effectively bypassing authentication.

The scenario describes Paola tampering with new hardware while it was in transit to make it vulnerable to attacks. This type of attack is known as a distribution attack. Distribution attacks involve the interception and manipulation of products during their delivery process1. By accessing and tampering with the hardware before it reaches its final destination, the attacker can introduce vulnerabilities or backdoors that can be exploited later.

This method is distinct from an insider attack, which would involve someone within the organization facilitating the breach. A passive attack refers to monitoring and capturing data without altering the system, and an active attack involves direct engagement with the system to disrupt or manipulate operations. Since Paola’s actions involve tampering with hardware during distribution, the correct classification is a distribution attack.

The application layer in IoT architecture is responsible for delivering services to respective users from different sectors such as building, industrial, manufacturing, automobile, security, and healthcare. It provides the user interfaces and applications that interact with IoT devices and systems.

References: EC-Council Certified Security Specialist (E|CSS) documents and study guide1.

Steven deployed a honeypot in the scenario. A honeypot is a simulation of an IT system or software application that acts as bait to attract the attention of attackers. While it appears to be a legitimate target, it is actually fake and carefully monitored by an IT security team. The purpose of a honeypot includes distraction (diverting attackers’ attention), threat intelligence (revealing attack methods), and research/training for security professionals1.

References:

EC-Council Certified Security Specialist (E|CSS) documents and study guide1.

EC-Council Certified Security Specialist (E|CSS) course materials2.

The element in the given IIS log entry that indicates the request was fulfilled without error is C. 2001. The HTTP status code 200 signifies a successful response, indicating that the server successfully processed the client’s request1.

In the given scenario, Jay received an alarm from the IDS even though there was no active attack. This situation corresponds to a false positive alert. A false positive occurs when the IDS incorrectly identifies benign or legitimate traffic as malicious or suspicious. It can lead to unnecessary alerts and additional workload for network administrators.

References: EC-Council Certified Security Specialist (E|CSS) documents and study guide12.

 The backup mechanism described in the scenario, which involves using external devices (such as hard disks) and requires human interaction for backup operations, is known as onsite data backup. In this approach, backups are stored within the organization’s premises, making them susceptible to theft, damage, or natural disasters. It is essential to consider additional offsite or cloud-based backup solutions to enhance data resilience and security.

References: EC-Council Certified Security Specialist (E|CSS) documents and study guide12.

Title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), known as the Stored Communications Act (SCA), protects the privacy of the contents of files stored by service providers and records held about the subscriber by service providers. This includes information such as subscriber names, billing records, and IP addresses1.

References: 123

The correct answer is Title II. It specifically safeguards communications held in electronic storage, particularly messages stored on computers. While Title I of the ECPA protects wire, oral, and electronic communications while in transit, Title II focuses on the privacy of stored communications3.

The AP sends a challenge text to the station.

The Access Point (AP) initiates the authentication process by sending a challenge text to the station (client device).

The station connects to the network.

The station (client device) associates with the wireless network by connecting to the AP.

The station encrypts the challenge text using its configured 128-bit key and sends the encrypted text to the AP.

The station encrypts the challenge text using the shared secret key (configured on both the station and the AP).

It then sends the encrypted challenge text back to the AP.

The station sends an authentication frame to the AP.

The station constructs an authentication frame containing the encrypted challenge text.

This frame is sent to the AP for verification.

The AP uses its configured WEP key to decrypt the encrypted text and compares it with the original challenge text.

The AP decrypts the received encrypted challenge text using its configured WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) key.

If the decrypted text matches the original challenge text, the station is authenticated successfully.

Therefore, the correct sequence is C. 4—>1—>3—>5—>21. This order ensures that the challenge text is exchanged securely and verified by both the station and the AP during the shared key authentication process.

References:

EC-Council Certified Security Specialist (E|CSS) documents and study guide.

EC-Council Certified Security Specialist (E|CSS) course materials1234