USGBC LEED-Green-Associate - LEED Green Associate GAFRE Exam (LEED GA)

According to the LEED v4 Glossary of Terms1, a site that has been graded is commonly defined as previously developed, which means "land that has been altered by paving, construction, and/or land use that would typically have required regulatory permitting to have been initiated (alterations may exist now or in the past)"1. A greenfield is "a site not previously developed or graded that could support open space, habitat, or agriculture"1. A brownfield is "a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant"1. A previously undeveloped site is "a site that has never been built on or graded for development"2.

The use of native plant species, captured rainwater, and evapotranspiration controllers are all strategies that can contribute to reducing outdoor water use. Native plants are adapted to local conditions and typically require less water than non-native species. Captured rainwater can be used for irrigation, reducing the need for potable water. Evapotranspiration controllers adjust irrigation schedules based on weather conditions and plant needs, preventing overwatering. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The project team should have selected LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating System, as the operational and maintenance phase has begun for a newly constructed school in operation for one year and undergoing minor improvements. The LEED rating systems are designed to address the specific needs and characteristics of different types of buildings and projects. The project team should choose the most appropriate rating system for their project based on the scope, scale, and goals of the project. The LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating System is intended for buildings that are already in use and want to improve their performance and sustainability through best practices in operation, maintenance, renovation, and occupant engagement1 . References: LEED v4 Green AssociateCandidate Handbook1, LEED v4 O+M Reference Guide

Life-cycle costing (LCC) is a method of estimating the total cost of owning and operating an asset over its entire life span. LCC considers all costs associated with the acquisition, installation, operation, maintenance, and disposal of the asset12. LCC can help businesses make better decisions about purchasing, budgeting, pricing, and investing in assets2.

LCC does not quantify environmental impacts such as acidification, eutrophication, or global warming. These impacts are measured by life-cycle assessment (LCA), which is a method of evaluating the environmental effects of a product or service throughout its life cycle. LCA considers the inputs and outputs of materials, energy, and emissions at each stage of the product or service life cycle34. LCA can help businesses identify opportunities to reduce their environmental footprint, improve their sustainability performance, and comply with environmental regulations4.

However, LCC and LCA are often used together to compare different alternatives based on both economic and environmental criteria. For example, a business may use LCC to estimate the energy costs of different lighting options, and LCA to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions of each option. By combining LCC and LCA results, the business can select the option that minimizes both costs and emissions.

 LEED is an acronym for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, which is the most widely used green building rating system in the world. LEED provides a framework for creating healthy, efficient, and cost-saving buildings that have positive environmental and social impacts. LEED certification is a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement and leadership12.

According to LEED, one of the factors that should be considered when locating a site for a project is the infrastructure context. The infrastructure context refers to the existing physical systems that support a site, such as roads, utilities, transit networks, water supply, wastewater treatment, stormwater management, and waste disposal. Choosing a site that has access to adequate infrastructure can reduce the environmental impacts of developing new infrastructure, such as land disturbance, resource consumption, energy use, emissions, and pollution. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the intents of the Location and Transportation category is to “reduce environmental harm from transportation infrastructure” [1, p. 12]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Location and Transportation | U.S. Green Building Council]

In commercial office buildings, space heating and cooling typically represent the largest portion of energy consumption, particularly when mechanical HVAC systems are in use. LEED v4 emphasizes targeting the most energy-intensive systems first for optimization.

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) and referenced in LEED study materials:

“Space heating, ventilation, and cooling together account for more than 40% of total energy use in commercial buildings.”

LEED’s EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance encourages strategies like high-efficiency HVAC systems, building envelope improvements, and passive design to reduce this load.

While refrigeration and office equipment do use energy, their share in typical office buildings is comparatively small. Refrigeration is more significant in retail or food service projects.

A. Refrigeration – Low energy share in offices

B. Ventilation – Important, but typically paired with heating/cooling

C. Office equipment – Minor energy load due to efficiency standards (e.g., ENERGY STAR)

D. Space heating – Primary energy consumer in offices, especially in colder climates

Therefore, Option D offers the greatest reduction potential in a typical commercial office scenario.

According to the LEED credit library, the Energy and Atmosphere category for Building Design and Construction: New Construction and Major Renovation has 6 prerequisites and 11 credits, with a total of 33 possible points. The prerequisites are:

Fundamental Commissioning and Verification (required)

Minimum Energy Performance (required)

Building-Level Energy Metering (required)

Fundamental Refrigerant Management (required)

Construction Activity Pollution Prevention (required)

Advanced Energy Metering (required)

The credits are:

Enhanced Commissioning (2-6 points)

Optimize Energy Performance (1-18 points)

Advanced Energy Metering (1 point)

Demand Response (1-2 points)

Renewable Energy Production (1-3 points)

Enhanced Refrigerant Management (1 point)

Green Power and Carbon Offsets (1-2 points)

Developing a construction purchasing policy is a strategy that promotes sustainable purchasing during construction. A construction purchasing policy is a document that outlines the criteria and requirements for selecting materials, products, and services that have lower environmental impacts and support human health during construction. A construction purchasing policy can address issues such as recycled content, regional materials, certified wood, low-emitting materials, rapidly renewable materials, durability, life cycle assessment, waste reduction, and indoor air quality. The other options are not strategies that promote sustainable purchasing during construction. Specifying green electronic equipment is relevant for operations purchasing, not construction purchasing. Reducing regional materials expense by 10% does not necessarily imply sustainable purchasing, as regional materials may have higher or lower environmental impacts depending on their source and transportation methods. Implementing an erosion and sedimentation plan is a strategy that protects water quality during construction, but does not address sustainable purchasing. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 24; USGBC, [Guide to LEED Certification: Commercial], page 12.

The Guide specifies:

“Use nonpotable water for irrigation such as captured rainwater, graywater or municipally reclaimed wastewater…”

Potable water use is discouraged, and blackwater cannot be used unless treated.