OMSB OMSB_OEN - Omani Examination for Nurses

Understanding Mastitis: Mastitis is an infection of the breast tissue that results in breast pain, swelling, warmth, and redness. It often occurs in breastfeeding women.

Appropriate Management:

Continue Breastfeeding: It is generally recommended to continue breastfeeding or pumping to relieve milk stasis and prevent further complications.

Analgesia: Pain relief medications (analgesia) can help manage discomfort associated with mastitis.

Antibiotics: Antibiotics are often prescribed, and improvement is typically seen within 24-48 hours.

Warm Compression: Applying warm compresses before breastfeeding can help alleviate pain and improve milk flow.

Incorrect Belief: The statement "I need to stop breastfeeding until this condition resolves" indicates a misunderstanding. Stopping breastfeeding can worsen the condition due to milk stasis and increased engorgement.

Conclusion: The statement indicates a need for further teaching as continuing breastfeeding is crucial for managing and resolving mastitis.References: Maternal and child nursing textbooks, NCLEX-RN review guides, clinical guidelines on breastfeeding and mastitis management.

Purpose of Throat Culture: A throat culture is performed to detect the presence of pathogens (like bacteria) that cause infections such as strep throat.

Correct Technique:

Uvula and Soft Palate: These are not the primary sites for collecting throat cultures.

Any site of Oral Cavity Mucosa: This is too broad and non-specific.

Tongue and Buccal Mucosa: These sites are not typically infected in throat infections and do not provide accurate culture results.

Oropharynx and Tonsillar Region: The mucosa of the oropharynx and tonsillar region is the most common site of infection in throat infections, making it the appropriate site for swabbing.

Procedure: The nurse should gently swab the oropharynx and tonsillar area, avoiding the tongue and other parts of the oral cavity to avoid contamination and ensure accurate results.

Conclusion: The correct site for collecting a throat culture is the mucosa of the oropharynx and tonsillar region, ensuring the detection of the causative pathogens.References: Clinical nursing skills textbooks, NCLEX-RN review guides, guidelines for throat culture collection.

Implementation Phase in Vaccination Campaign:

During the implementation phase, the focus is on executing the vaccination plan, ensuring coverage, and monitoring progress.

Role of the Nurse:

Identifying Population at-risk:Typically part of the planning phase.

Setting Outreach Strategies:Also part of planning to ensure all populations are covered.

Reporting Vaccination Rates:This is part of the evaluation phase.

Monitoring Vaccination Rate and Surveillance:Involves actively overseeing the ongoing vaccination activities, ensuring proper documentation, and surveillance for adverse events or outbreaks, making it the correct answer.

References:

World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on Immunization

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on Vaccine Implementation

Understanding Anion Gap:

The anion gap is a calculated value based on the concentrations of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) in the blood, used to identify the causes of metabolic acidosis.

Normal and Abnormal Values:

Normal Anion Gap:Typically ranges from 8-12 mEq/L, though some sources consider 6-12 mEq/L as normal.

High Anion Gap (> 12):Indicates metabolic acidosis, often due to conditions like ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, or ingestion of toxins.

Low Anion Gap (< 8):Not typically associated with metabolic alkalosis; other conditions like hypoalbuminemia may cause it.

Clinical Relevance:

Anion gap helps clinicians determine the underlying cause of acid-base imbalances and guide appropriate treatment.

References:

American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC)

Mayo Clinic on Anion Gap

Types of Stressors in Preoperative Patients:

Social:Related to interactions with family, friends, and community.

Physical:Directly affecting the body, such as pain or physical disability.

Physiological:Body’s physical response to stress.

Psychological:Mental and emotional response to stressors, including anxiety, fear, and worry about the surgery and its outcomes.

Stressors for Cardiac Surgery Patients:

Psychological:Patients scheduled for cardiac surgery often experience significant psychological stress due to fear of the procedure, potential complications, and concerns about recovery.

References:

American Psychological Association (APA) on Stress and Surgery

Mayo Clinic on Preoperative Anxiety and Stress Management

Guideline for Accurate Blood Pressure Measurement:

Ensuring accurate and reliable blood pressure readings is crucial in diagnosing and managing hypertension.

Action Steps:

Record the average of two readings:Ensures a more accurate representation of the patient's blood pressure by minimizing potential anomalies from a single reading.

Highest reading or laying down:These methods may lead to inconsistent or inaccurate results.

Re-measure and average:This method is recommended to ensure reliability and accuracy by averaging out any potential anomalies in the readings.

References:

American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines on Blood Pressure Measurement

National Institutes of Health (NIH) on Hypertension Management

In the termination phase of a home visit, the appropriate nursing action is to review important teaching topics discussed during the visit. This ensures that the family understands the care instructions and can ask any final questions. Validating the health history and documenting the care provided are important but are typically part of the initial or ongoing phases of the visit. Determining readiness for future visits is also important but is secondary to ensuring the family understands the teaching provided.

The best intervention for helping an educated 79-year-old woman remember to take her medications is to provide a weekly pill box and develop a written medication schedule. This approach empowers the patient to manage her medications independently, reducing the risk of non-compliance. Asking a family member to administer medications or referring the patient to a care home might not be necessary if the patient can manage with simple tools. Consulting the physician to reduce or combine medications is an option but does not address the immediate need for a practical solution to medication management.

The first nursing intervention for a patient with bacterial meningitis who develops a high-grade fever and nasal discharge is to follow infection precautions. This is crucial to prevent the spread of the infection to others. Bacterial meningitis is highly contagious, and infection control measures such as isolation and wearing protective gear should be implemented immediately upon diagnosis and continued for at least 24 hours after starting antibiotic treatment.