ECCouncil 212-82 - Certified Cybersecurity Technician (CCT)

Decoding the Text File:

Use cryptographic tools located atZ:\CCT-Tools\CCT Module 14 Cryptographyto decode the text filesnitch.txtfound in the Downloads folder. The provided passwordsniffer@123will be used if required.

In the event of a cyberattack involving highly sensitive data, such as a missile defense system, the immediate focus should be on containing the breach and understanding its scope. Here's a step-by-step approach:

Incident Response Protocol:

Containment: Isolate the impacted server to prevent further unauthorized access or data exfiltration. This helps to limit the damage and secure sensitive information.

Assessment: Examine network logs, affected systems, and user activities to determine the extent of the breach. This includes identifying how the attackers gained access and what data might have been compromised.

Minimize Fallout:

Preservation of Evidence: Ensure that all logs and forensic data are preserved for a detailed investigation.

Internal Coordination: Inform key stakeholders within the organization, including the executive board and legal team, about the breach and ongoing response efforts.

Collaboration:

Federal Agencies: Depending on the severity and national security implications, notifying federal agencies might be necessary after initial containment and assessment.

External Experts: If required, engage external cybersecurity firms to assist with the investigation and provide additional expertise.

References:

NIST Computer Security Incident Handling Guide:NIST SP 800-61r2

SANS Institute Incident Handling Handbook: SANS Reading Room

Success audit is the type of event that Brielle identified in the above scenario. Success audit is a type of event that records successful attempts to access a network device or resource. Success audit can be used to monitor authorized activities on a network, but it can also indicate unauthorized activities by malicious actors who have compromised credentials or bypassed security controls4.

References: Success Audit Event

Traceroute is the network troubleshooting utility employed by Steve in the above scenario. Traceroute is a utility that traces the route of packets from a source host to a destination host over a network. Traceroute sends ICMP echo request packets with increasing TTL (Time to Live) values and records the ICMP echo reply packets from each intermediate router or gateway along the path. Traceroute can help identify the network hops, latency, and packet loss between the source and destination hosts . Dnsenum is a utility that enumerates DNS information from a domain name or an IP address. Arp is a utility that displays and modifies the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) cache of a host. Ipconfig is a utility that displays and configures the IP (Internet Protocol) settings of a host.

Riley’s public key is the key that Louis used to verify the digital signature in the above scenario. A digital signature is a cryptographic technique that verifies the authenticity and integrity of a message or document. A digital signature is created by applying a hash function to the message or document and then encrypting the hash value with the sender’s private key. A digital signature can be verified by decrypting the hash value with the sender’s public key and comparing it with the hash value of the original message or document . Riley’s public key is the key that corresponds to Riley’s private key, which he used to sign the message. Louis’s public key is the key that corresponds to Louis’s private key, which he may use to encrypt or decrypt messages with Riley. Louis’s private key is the key that only Louis knows and can use to sign or decrypt messages. Riley’s private key is the key that only Riley knows and can use to sign or encrypt messages.

Content-based signature analysis is the type of attack signature analysis performed by Anderson in the above scenario. Content-based signature analysis is a technique that analyzes packet header fields such as IP options, IP protocols, IP fragmentation flags, offset, and identification to check whether any fields are altered in transit. Content-based signature analysis can help detect attacks that manipulate packet headers to evade detection or exploit vulnerabilities . Context-based signature analysis is a technique that analyzes packet payloads such as application data or commands to check whether they match any known attack patterns or signatures. Atomic-signature-based analysis is a technique that analyzes individual packets to check whether they match any known attack patterns or signatures. Composite-signature-based analysis is a technique that analyzes multiple packets or sessions to check whether they match any known attack patterns or signatures. 

Content-based signature analysis is the attack signature analysis technique employed by Finley in this scenario. Content-based signature analysis is a technique that captures and analyzes a single network packet to determine whether the signature included malicious patterns. Content-based signature analysis can be used to detect known attacks, such as buffer overflows, SQL injections, or cross-site scripting2.

References: Content-Based Signature Analysis

 Yes is the answer to whether the file has been modified or not in the above scenario. A hash is a fixed-length string that is generated by applying a mathematical function, called a hash function, to a piece of data, such as a file or a message. A hash can be used to verify the integrity or authenticity of data by comparing it with another hash value of the same data . A hash value is unique and any change in the data will result in a different hash value . To compare the hash value of the original file with the leaked file and state whether the file has been modified or not, one has to follow these steps:

Navigate to Hash folder in Documents of Attacker-1 machine.

Open OriginalFileHash.txt file with a text editor.

Note down the MD5 hash value of the original file as 8f14e45fceea167a5a36dedd4bea2543

Open Command Prompt and change directory to Hash folder using cd command.

Type certutil -hashfile Sensitiveinfo.txt MD5 and press Enter key to generate MD5 hash value of leaked file.

Note down the MD5 hash value of leaked file as 9f14e45fceea167a5a36dedd4bea2543

Compare both MD5 hash values.

The MD5 hash values are different , which means that the file has been modified.

The correct answer is B, as it describes the information security element that was described in the above scenario. Non-repudiation is an information security element that ensures that a party cannot deny sending or receiving a message or performing an action. In the above scenario, non-repudiation was described, as Kayden could not deny company’s message, and company could not deny Kayden’s signature. Option A is incorrect, as it does not describe the information security element that was described in the above scenario. Availability is an information security element that ensures that authorized users can access and use information and resources when needed. In the above scenario, availability was not described, as there was no mention of access or use of information and resources. Option C is incorrect, as it does not describe the information security element that was described in the above scenario. Integrity is an information security element that ensures that information and resources are accurate and complete and have not been modified by unauthorized parties. In the above scenario, integrity was not described, as there was no mention of accuracy or completeness of information and resources. Option D is incorrect, as it does not describe the information security element that was described in the above scenario. Confidentiality is an information security element that ensures that information and resources are protected from unauthorized access and disclosure.In the above scenario, confidentiality was not described, as there was no mention of protection or disclosure of information and resources.

References: , Section 3.1

WPA3 encryption is the type of wireless encryption used by the security solution employed by Matias in the above scenario. WPA3 encryption is the latest and most secure version of Wi-FiProtected Access, a protocol that provides authentication and encryption for wireless networks. WPA3 encryption uses 256-bit Galois/Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP-256) to maintain the authenticity and confidentiality of data. WPA3 encryption also provides enhanced protection against offline dictionary attacks, forward secrecy, and secure public Wi-Fi access . WPA2 encryption is the previous version of Wi-Fi Protected Access, which uses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) or Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) for data encryption. WEP encryption is an outdated and insecure version of Wi-Fi security, which uses RC4 stream cipher for data encryption. WPA encryption is an intermediate version of Wi-Fi security, which uses TKIP for data encryption.