GIAC GSNA - GIAC Systems and Network Auditor

Detection risks are the risks that an auditor will not be able to find what they are looking to detect. Hence, it becomes tedious to report negative results when material conditions (faults) actually exist. Detection risk includes two types of risk: Sampling risk: This risk occurs when an auditor falsely accepts or erroneously rejects an audit sample. Nonsampling risk: This risk occurs when an auditor fails to detect a condition because of not applying the appropriate procedure or using procedures inconsistent with the audit objectives (detection faults). Answer: A is incorrect. Residual risk is the risk or danger of an action or an event, a method or a (technical) process that, although being abreast with science, still conceives these dangers, even if all theoretically possible safety measures would be applied (scientifically conceivable measures). The formula to calculate residual risk is (inherent risk) x (control risk) where inherent risk is (threats vulnerability). In the economic context, residual means "the quantity left over at the end of a process; a remainder". Answer: B is incorrect. Inherent risk, in auditing, is the risk that the account or section being audited is materially misstated without considering internal controls due to error or fraud. The assessment of inherent risk depends on the professional judgment of the auditor, and it is done after assessing the business environment of the entity being audited. Answer: C is incorrect. A secondary risk is a risk that arises as a straight consequence of implementing a risk response. The secondary risk is an outcome of dealing with the original risk. Secondary risks are not as rigorous or important as primary risks, but can turn out to be so if not estimated and planned properly.

/var/log/mailog ?le generally contains the source and destination IP addresses, date and time stamps, and other information that may be used to check the information contained within an e-mail header. Linux uses Syslog to maintain logs of what has occurred on the system. The configuration file /etc/syslog.conf is used to determine where the Syslog service (Syslogd) sends its logs. Sendmail can create event messages and is usually configured to record the basic information such as the source and destination addresses, the sender and recipient addresses, and the message ID of e-mail. The syslog.conf will display the location of the log file for e-mail. Answer: B, C, D are incorrect. All these files are not valid log files.

Base64 encryption encoding, which can easily be decoded, is used in the basic authentication method. Answer: B is incorrect. The Md5 hashing technique is used in the digest authentication method. Answer: A is incorrect. The HMAC_MD5 hashing technique is used in the NTLMv2 authentication method. Answer: C is incorrect. DES (ECB mode) is used in the NTLMv1 authentication method.

According to the scenario, John will use the netstat -an command to accomplish the task. The netstat -an command is used to get the information of all network connections and listening ports in the numerical form. The netstat command displays protocol-related statistics and the state of current TCP/IP connections. It is used to get information about the open connections on a computer, incoming and outgoing data, as well as the ports of remote computers to which the computer is connected. The netstat command gets all this networking information by reading the kernel routing tables in the memory. Answer: A is incorrect. The netstat -e command displays the Ethernet information. Answer: B is incorrect. The netstat -r command displays the routing table information. Answer: C is incorrect. The netstat -s command displays per-protocol statistics. By default, statistics are shown for TCP, UDP and IP.

NetStumbler is one of the most famous wireless auditing tools. It works with a wide variety of cards. If it is loaded on a computer, it can be used to detect 802.11 networks. It can easily identify the SSIDs and security tools. It can even identify the channel being used. This tool can also be integrated with the GPS to identify the exact location of AP for plotting onto a map. Answer: B is incorrect. It can identify the channel being used. NetStumbler can be used for a variety of services: For wardriving To verify network configurations To find locations with poor coverage in a WLAN To detect causes of wireless interference To detect unauthorized ("rogue") access points To aim directional antennas for long-haul WLAN links

There are three goals of risk management as follows: Identifying the risk Assessing the impact of potential threats Finding an economic balance between the impact of the risk and the cost of the countermeasure Answer: D is incorrect. Identifying the accused does not come under the scope of risk management.

Ryan can either choose WEP or WPA-PSK wireless protocol to set an ad hoc wireless network.

Answer: A is incorrect. WPA2-EAP cannot be chosen for an ad hoc wireless network, as it requires RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial- In User Service) server for authentication. Answer: D is incorrect. WPA-EAP cannot be chosen for an ad hoc wireless network, as it requires RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) server for authentication.

The tag is used to specify each cell of the table. It can be used only within a row in a table. The ROWSPAN attribute of the tag specifies the number of rows that a cell spans over in a table. Since, the first cell of the table spans over three rows, Sam will use . specifies the number of columns that the head row contains. Answer: C is incorrect. Placing the tags given in this option at lines 3 and 4 will create the following table: Answer: A, B are incorrect. There are no attributes such as SPAN and SPANWIDTH for the tag.

As 802.1x and WEP are configured, this step will enable the secure wireless network communication. For authentication, you have configured the PEAP-MS-CHAP v2 protocol. This protocol can be used for authentication on wireless networks, but it cannot use a public key infrastructure (PKI). No certificate can be issued without a PKI. Smart cards cannot be used for authentication without certificates. Hence, the laptop users will not be able to use smart cards for getting authenticated.